I can see a mark at about 8 o’clock in the first picture.
I the caliper welded to the wheel, it’d be a sort of friction weld, and I suspect it wouldn’t actually ‘weld’ until the movement stopped? I was thinking that it was rubbing against the rim, and getting hot. Then it might have been the (speculative) hit to the spoke that stopped the rotating and allowed the ‘weld’ to set?
I don’t really know, so it’s all a bit of guessing from afar.
It is an awful lot of damage and it is hard to work out the exact sequence of the events. It’s quite probable that the caliper bolt was loose to start with.
BTW, what are the sizes of the caliper hole and the bolt? Is there any chance that a 12mm bolt was being used on a 14mm mounting hole?